Find out what affect the change of concentration in the sucrose solution :: GCSE Biology A2 A-Level Coursework

Find out what affect the change of concentration in the sucrose solution has on the mass of a potato chip. Introduction In this experiment I will be taking five similar potato chips and putting them into different sucrose solutions (each one with a different concentration) and observing the effect that each concentration has on the size of the potato chip. Aim I am doing this investigation in an endeavour to find out what affect the change of concentration in the sucrose solution has on the mass of a potato chip. Background information Ø Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area with high concentration to an area with low concentration Ø The opposite of osmosis is active uptake, this is when water moves from an area with a low concentration to an area with low concentration. An example of this would be a root hair cell getting water from its surroundings. Ø Partially permeable membranes have holes in them. These holes are the size of just one water molecule. Ø Water can pass through the membrane in both directions although if there is a higher concentration of water in the solution rather than the potato chip, the potato chip will receive water molecules and will increase in size. Ø Some membranes in plant and animal cells allow only certain particles to pass through them. They are partially (or selectively) permeable. Prediction I predict that as the concentration of the sucrose solution decreases the mass of the potato chip will increase. I think this because a lower sucrose content would mean a higher water content and therefor as osmosis takes place the water in the solution will move from the solution to the potato chip and as a result increasing the mass of the potato chip. I also predict that the concentration of the solution and the mass of the potato chip will be directly proportional to each other. Variables In this investigation I will change the concentration of the solution and I will be keeping the size of the potato and the temperature of the solution the same. Equipment Below is the apparatus that I will be using for my investigation. Ø Stop watch Ø Cutting tile Ø Small knife Ø Measuring cylinder Ø Distilled water Ø sucrose Ø Potatoes Ø Weighing scale Ø Potato cutter Ø Cling film Ø Ruler Method Ø Firstly I will cut five pieces of potato. Ø Then I will peal the potatoes with the knife. Ø After this I will measure and weigh them to ensure that they are equal. Ø Subsequently I will put 40ml of my solution in each of the testubes. Test tube one will have 10ml of distilled water and 30ml of sucrose.

Education in the Philippines Essay

In psychology, a drive theory or drive doctrine   is a theory that attempts to define, analyze or classify the psychological drives. A drive is an â€Å"excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance†, an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behaviour of an individual. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. According to the theory, drive tends to increase over time and operates on a feedback control system, much like a thermostat. Psychoanalysis Early attachment theory Social psychology Corroborative evidence Evaluation apprehension See Also ReferencesIn Freudian psychoanalysis, drive theory (German: Triebtheorie, German: Trieblehre) [1] refers to the theory of drives, motivations, or instincts, that have clear objects. [citation needed] In 1927 Freud said that a drive theory was what was lacking most in psychoanalysis. He was opposed to systematics in psychology, rejecting it as a form of paranoia, and instead classified drives with dichotomies like Eros/Thanatos drives, the drives toward Life and Death, respectively, and sexual/ego drives. Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents was published in Germany in 1930  when the rise of fascism in that country was well under way, and the warnings of a second European war were leading to opposing calls for rearmament and pacifism. Against this background, Freud wrote â€Å"In face of the destructive forces unleashed, now it may be expected that the other of the two ‘heavenly forces,’ eternal Eros, will put forth his strength so as to maintain himself alongside of his equally immortal adversary.†. In 1947, Hungarian psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Szondi, aimed instead to a systematic drive theory. Szondi Drive Diagram has been described as a revolutionary addition to psychology, and as paving the way for a theoretical psychiatry and a psychoanalytical anthropology. In early attachment theory, behavioural drive reduction was proposed by Dollard and Miller (1950) as an explanation of the mechanisms behind early attachment in infants. Behavioural drive reduction theory suggests that infants are born with innate drives, such as hunger and thirst, which only the caregiver, usually the mother, can reduce. Through a process of classical conditioning, the infant learns to associate the mother with the satisfaction of reduced drive and is thus able to form a key attachment bond. However, this theory is challenged by the work done by Harlow, particularly the experiments involving the maternal separation of rhesus monkeys, which indicate that comfort possesses greater motivational value than hunger. In social psychology, drive theory was used by Robert Zajonc in 1965 as an explanation of the phenomenon of social facilitation. [8] The audience effect notes that in some cases the presence of a passive audience will facilitate the better performance of a task, while in other cases the presence of an audience will inhibit the performance of a task. Zajonc’s drive theory suggests that the variable determining direction of performance is whether the task is composed of a correct dominant response (that is, the task is perceived as being subjectively easy to the individual) or an incorrect dominant response (perceived as being subjectively difficult). In the presence of a passive audience, an individual is in a heightened state  of arousal. Increased arousal, or stress, causes the individual to enact behaviours that form dominant responses, since an individual’s dominant response is the most likely response, given the skills which are available. If the dominant response is correct, then social presence enhances performance of the task. However, if the dominant response is incorrect, social presence produces an impaired performance. Corroborative evidence Such behaviour was first noticed by Triplett (1898) while observing the cyclists who were racing together versus cyclists who were racing alone. It was found that the mere presence of other cyclists produced greater performance. A similar effect was observed by Chen (1937) in ants building colonies. However, it was not until Zajonc investigated this behaviour in the 1960s that any empirical explanation for the audience effect was pursued. Zajonc’s drive theory is based on an experiment   involving the investigation of the effect of social facilitation in cockroaches. Zajonc devised a study in which individual cockroaches were released into a tube, at the end of which there was a light. In the presence of other cockroaches as spectators, cockroaches were observed to achieve a significantly faster time in reaching the light than those in the control, no-spectator group. However, when cockroaches in the same conditions were given a maze to negotiate, performance was impaired in the spectator condition, demonstrating that incorrect dominant responses in the presence of an audience impair performance. Evaluation apprehension Cottrell’s Evaluation Apprehension model later refined this theory to include yet another variable in the mechanisms of social facilitation. He suggested that the correctness of dominant responses only plays a role in social facilitation when there is an expectation of social reward or punishment based on performance. His study differs in design from Zajonc’s as he  introduced a separate condition in which participants were given tasks to perform in the presence of an audience that was blindfolded, and thus unable to evaluate the participant’s performance. It was found that no social facilitation effect occurred, and hence the anticipation of performance evaluation must play a role in social facilitation. Evaluation apprehension, however, is only key in human social facilitation and not observed in animals. 1. Mà ©lon, Jean (1996) Notes on the History of the Szondi Movement Text for the Szondi Congress of Cracow, August 1996. 2. Seward, J. (1956). drive, incentive, and reinforcement. Psychological Review, 63, 19-203. Retrieved from https://pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=rev-63-3-195&site=ehost-live 3. Leopold Szondi (1972) Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik 4. Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents. J. Strachey, transl. New York: W. W. 5. Leopold Szondi [1947] (1952) Experimental Diagnostics of Drives first edition, quotation: 6. Livres de France (1989), Issues 106-109 quotation: 7. Harlow H F; Zimmermann R R. (1959). Affectional responses in the infant monkey Science, vol(130):421-432 8. Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274. 9. Zajonc, R. B.; Heingartner, A.; Herman, E. M. (1969). â€Å"Social enhancement and impairment of performance in the cockroach†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (2): 83. doi:10.1037/h0028063 . edit

The development of the novel in the 20th century - 1416 Words

4. The novel from 1881 to 1914 Over the eighteen eighties there was a split in fiction. The first indication towards it was Henry James essay The Art of Fiction (1884), which referred to the novelists calling as a Sacred office. Besides, there appeared a stratification of fiction due to primary education for all. Parallel to this, novelists saw themselves apart from the public, as dedicated men. This new modern conception involved dignity and a sense of glory. Another change was from the three-volume novel to the one volume one. Together with the demands of the new publics, this shortening divided the Victorian novel into the categories of fiction we know today. The key name in the eighties is Henry James, who strove to give the†¦show more content†¦During the period between wars we find the Jazz Age. Then, prose fiction becomes associated with simple plots, utopian worlds and literature of disillusionment. Aldous Huxleys dystopia Brave New World illustrates how worries moved beyond their time and address ed the dangers of a technologically engineered future. An extreme example of disillusionment literature is George Orwells works, where a deception with Communism and Socialism ideals is depicted. The most relevant examples are Homage to Catalonia (1938), Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty four (1949). 4.3. Post-War and Post-Modern Literatures and the Neo-Gothic After World War II, there are many names that are important to quote. An example is Elizabeth Bowen. She has been associated with V.Woolf since she explored the inner emotional life, as in The Hotel (1927). After the fifties, Britain lost its overseas Empire steadily but gained a new cultural diversity.That way, Britain started building itself in a culturally, socially and economically different reality. This also had its impact on literature. The new novelists of the fifties include Samuel Becketts experimental narrative, D.H. Lawrence, Lawrence Durrell, William Golding, Angus Wilson, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark. During the 1960s and the 1970s a new morality, already sensed in Larkins poem Annus Mirabilis (1963), appeared. This led to female and male reformulations in fiction. In the 1960s the broadening of womens opportunities andShow MoreRelatedMy Point Of View 20th Century1110 Words   |  5 PagesDiala Tadros Unit #3 exam Q1 A. From my point of view 20th century period is the best and the worst time to represent the western culture. But it’s the best for the most part. Western culture refers to the culture of any country that is a part of the western world. The western country is always democratic has neo-liberal capitalist economy. Has a separation of church and state, and high livings standards with materialistic society? The USA, UK, France are examples of western countries. 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