Sunshine Advertising Company Assignment Samples/Examples

Questions: Situation - Sunshine Advertising You are a director in a rewarding promoting organization and have a group of 15 staff individuals however right now two of them are working intimately with you to finish some significant occupations. Undertakings Pretty Boutique is a key customer of yours and has requested your organization to set up certain ads for their design exhibit. Today is Tuesday, and you know the draft handout will take in any event one day to be prepared for the Boutique to take a gander at. The design show is booked for Wednesday in about fourteen days time. In the wake of taking a gander at the draft pamphlet, Pretty Boutique informs you on Friday concerning a difficult that requirements fixing. They educated you that the scene must be changed as it was not large enough for their grandstand. You presently understand that the promotions should be changed which will take at any rate 2-3 hours to fix so you will currently need to get Joshua to support you. Staff occupations At present, you have two staff working with you and their typical errands are: Graces errands Time required Joshuas errands Time required Assistant consistently Help the work area 3 hrs for every week Administrative help to you 3 hrs for each day distributers 3 hrs for each week Make travel appointments for agents 2 hrs for each week Update site page Incoming and Outgoing Mail 1 hr for each day Word handling for organization 3 hrs for each day Banking 1 hr for each day Request writing material 1 hr for each month Help you 2 hr for each day Staff remaining burden Beauty shows up later than expected to work exceptionally annoyed. You asked her what her remaining burden resembled for the afternoon and she begins crying uncontrollably. She said that she isn't exceptional and still has the accompanying extraordinary assignments to finish notwithstanding her typical everyday work: Book a rental vehicle for you to got in Melbourne next Monday Melbourne travel courses of action and settlement for you and the two salespeople The Power Point introduction for you to introduce at a Conference one week from now Last months writing material request. Beauty is behind with her work and you have to organize somebody to support her. You look at with Joshua and find that he is fully informed regarding his errands, yet referenced that the work area distributers are snowed under with work and have requested that he help out longer than the typical three hours apportioned every week). He referenced to you that Grace had said a final farewell to her significant other, is exceptionally pushed and in this manner behind with her work. The Director of the organization has demonstrated in an ongoing email that no staff individuals were permitted to do any more additional time so you are presently confronted with a problem concerning how to manage this circumstance. Errand 1 Utilize the table organization beneath and make arrangements of Joshua and Graces work. Organize these work errands for the following week utilizing the URG-IMP arrangement of Prioritizing by significance and desperation. Undertaking Significance Direness Need Assessed time Cutoff time Undertaking 2 Utilizing the data in Question 1, plan work plans for yourself, Grace and Joshua for the following week indicating the group needs and asset accessibility. You may utilize Microsoft Outlook to make a timetable or utilize the example schedule underneath for each staff part for example one for you, Grace and Joshua. Work plan for .. Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 9 am 10 am 10 am 11 am 11 am 12 pm 12 pm 1 pm 1 pm 2 pm 2 pm 3 pm 3 pm 4 pm 4 pm 5 pm Errand 3 1. What practical emergency courses of action would you use should the accompanying circumstances arise:a) Grace takes two days wiped out leave.b) The individual chipping away at the issue for Pretty Boutique takes three hours longer than planned?What steps can be taken to forestall the circumstance of staff being so a long ways behind, from happening again?c) Prepare a report for your next group meeting that covers the accompanying: Reviewing the issues of the previous weeks Identifying open doors for development and getting the hang of Rebuilding confidence Some pressure the executives procedures. Undertaking 4 Prepare an expert advancement plan for Grace tending to a portion of the territories you might want her to improve and incorporate the accompanying kinds of self-improvement activities:1. Mentoring2. At work learning3. Formal studies4. Formal or casual systems. Answers: Undertaking 1 Joshuas Work Undertaking Significance Criticalness Need Assessed Time Cutoff time Help the work area Publishers Truly significant Tolerably pressing 3. 4 hours required (3hrs + 1 hour extra due to build-up One week from now Update page Indeed significant Not exceptionally dire 5. 3 hours required Most extreme in 3 Weekss Time Approaching and Outgoing mail Indeed, without a doubt 1. 1 hour required Today (consistently) Banking Indeed 4. 1 hour required Tomorrow Helping the Manager Indeed, without a doubt 2. 2 hours required Tomorrow Graces Tasks Assignment Significance Earnestness Need Evaluated Time Cutoff time Secretary work Indeed significant 3. 1 hour required Today (consistently) Administrative help to the supervisor (power guide introduction toward be made for the meeting) Indeed significant 2. 3 hours required Tomorrow Making travel appointments for agents (travel plans for Melbourne and vehicle rental appointments) Exceptionally Critical Exceptionally dire 1. 2 hours + 1 hour back log= Total 3 hours required Today Word Processing for Company Moderate criticalness 5. 3 hours required One week from now Requesting writing material for organization Particularly significant Moderate criticalness 4. 2 hours (1hr this month in addition to 1 hr a month ago) Following fourteen days time Undertaking 2 Work routine for Manager (Self) Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 9 am-10 am Updating Advertisement work for Pretty Boutique Observing notice venture progress of Pretty Boutique Taking a shot at movers and shakers ventures Criticism audit meeting for Movers and shakers venture Going to all hands meeting inside the organization 10 am-11 am Reconsidering Advertisement work for Pretty Boutique Spending Preparations task for up and coming quarter Chipping away at movers and shakers ventures Break Taking a shot at input got on Movers and shakers venture 11 am-12 pm Understanding task necessities of Movers and shakers venture Spending Preparations task for up and coming quarter Execution Review meeting with whole group Break Conclusion of Movers and shakers venture 12 pm-1 pm Break Break Break Checking movers and shakers venture progress Execution assessment of colleagues 1 pm-2 pm Customer meeting, Pretty Boutique Break Break Break Break 2 pm-3 pm Customer meeting-Pretty Boutique Customer meeting-Pretty Boutique Chipping away at movers and shakers On location meeting with another customer Execution Review meeting 3 pm-4 pm Break Conclusion of ad venture with Pretty Boutique Client visit and meeting with movers and shakers On location meeting with another customer Meeting with the Mover and shakers Client 4 pm-5 pm Making Power point introduction for Project Break Client visit and meeting with movers and shakers Break Break Work routine for Joshua Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 9 am-10 am Reconsidering Advertisement work for Pretty Boutique Helping administrator on Pretty Boutique venture Helping administrator with movers and shakers venture Input survey meeting for Movers and shakers venture Going to all hands meeting inside the organization 10 am-11 am Reexamining Advertisement work for Pretty Boutique Helping administrator on Pretty Boutique venture Browsing messages and answering messages Browsing messages and answering messages Helping administrator with criticism on movers and shakers venture. 11 am-12 pm Break Browsing messages and answering messages Banking Helping chief Finish of Movers and shakers venture 12 pm-1 pm Browsing messages and answering messages Banking Break Helping chief Banking 1 pm-2 pm Customer meeting, Pretty Boutique Break Break Helping the work area Publishers Helping the work area Publishers 2 pm-3 pm Customer meeting-Pretty Boutique Customer meeting-Pretty Boutique Helping administrator with movers and shakers venture Helping the work area Publishers Break 3 pm-4 pm Banking Conclusion of notice venture with Pretty Boutiqu

Vaccines and Autism Essay Example for Free

Immunizations and Autism Essay The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization is utilized to vaccinate kids against sicknesses that can cause significant inabilities and deadly ailments. In 1994, the antibody was ordered for all younger students and from that point forward a spike has been found in the conclusion of chemical imbalance. Huge numbers of those finding falls inside a couple of months of the MMR immunization and in 1998, Andrew Wakefield distributed an investigation showing a connection between the MMR antibody and chemical imbalance (Rudy, 2009). Exceptional media inclusion followed and numerous guardians wouldn't give their youngsters the MMR immunization, accepting their kids would create mental imbalance. The investigation was later withdrawn because of the absence of proof yet numerous kids are still not accepting the MMR antibody. The general wellbeing field has attempted to bring issues to light about the advantages of the MMR antibody however many are as yet wary about the immunization. Endeavors have now been engaged towards expanding mindfulness about the immunization and attempting to urge guardians to get their youngsters inoculated. In February 1998, The Lancet distributed an article entitled â€Å"Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,† which proposed that the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) antibody could add to the improvement of mental imbalance. Dr. Andrew Wakefield, a gastroenterologist, recommended the connection between the MMR antibody and chemical imbalance. Wakefield suggested that the infection could â€Å"have a negative effect on a child’s resistant framework, lead to diligent disease in the gastrointestinal tract and lead, over the long haul, to conceivable cerebrum harm and autism† (Rudy, 2009). Eight of the twelve youngsters had extreme intestinal aggravation, with manifestations rising six days in the wake of accepting the MMR immunization. The immunization effectsly affected the digestive organs and caused genuine aggravation, â€Å"allowing destructive proteins to spill from the gut into the circulation system and from that point to the cerebrum, where they harmed neurons in a way that activated autism† (Begley, 2009). Wakefield’s study was later called lethally imperfect because of the way that Wakefield was examining kids who had previous gastrointestinal issues. The gathering size was additionally little, 12 kids, and â€Å"no confirmation was offered that the measles infection found in mentally unbalanced children’s’ guts was causally associated with their autism† (Rudy, 2009). The specialists finally recommended that the MMR immunization messed gut up in kids which lead to chemical imbalance. In the youngsters examined, side effects of chemical imbalance showed up before the side effects of the inside illness, demonstrating that the gut side effects, because of the MMR antibody, didn't cause mental imbalance. In 2004, The Lancet distributed a withdrawal presented by 10 of the 13 unique creators that expressed that there was no association between the MMR immunization and chemical imbalance: We wish to clarify that in this paper no causal connection was set up between MMR antibody and mental imbalance, as the information were lacking. Be that as it may, the chance of such a connection was raise† (Immunization security survey antibodies and mental imbalance, 2004). There were numerous things discovered bombastic with the Wakefield study. Subtleties of the clinical chronicles of the considerable number of youngsters utilized in the examination were later uncovered to the general population and writer Brain Deer met a few guardians whose kids took an interest in the investigation. Deer plot serious issues with the investigation including that the youngsters were not haphazardly chosen for the examination and one originated from to the extent California when the examination was led in the United Kingdom. The entirety of the kids were seen as selected through enemy of MMR immunization campaigners (DeNoon, 2011). Wakefield was a paid expert to a legal counselor who was suing MMR antibody creators for harms caused to kids who contracted mental imbalance months after the immunization. Wakefield got an entirety of about $668,000 to distribute the examination from the attorneys and was distributed one-sided results. Five of the kids had proof of formative issues before accepting the MMR antibody and this is a noteworthy number of kids since just twelve kids were examined. Just one of the youngsters had backward mental imbalance, in spite of the way that the contemplated announced nine of the kids had the condition. Three of these nine kids were never determined to have mental imbalance (DeNoon, 2011). â€Å"At least five were customers of a lawyer who was chipping away at a body of evidence against antibody producers asserting that the MMR caused the childrens autism† (Begley, 2009). Finally, every one of the twelve children’s clinical records and parent’s accounts negated the case portrayals in the examination. These errors demonstrated that Wakefield intentionally faked the examination and was paid to distribute these bogus, one-sided results. Wakefield had different irreconcilable situations, had controlled the proof, and broke various moral codes (DeNoon, 2011). Wakefield stigmatized his notoriety and later had his clinical permit disavowed, not, at this point ready to rehearse medication. There is no proof that connects the antibody to chemical imbalance and the general advantages exceed the dangers. Wakefield’s speculations have raised debate because of the way that chemical imbalance emerges around age a few, precisely the same age kids get the MMR antibody, the chicken pox immunization, and different shots (Rudy, 2009). A few guardians express that their kids react with medically introverted relapse subsequent to getting the MMR immunization. Other research has related the MMR antibody with cerebrum injury, making guardians increasingly vigilant about giving their youngsters the immunization. In 1998, Dr. Vijendra Singh and Dr. Victor Yang associated the MMR immunization to mind injury. Their discoveries recommend that presentation to the measles infection may trigger an immune system reaction that meddles with the improvement of myelin†¦ If myelin in the cerebrum doesn’t grow appropriately, nerve filaments won’t function as they should. This could be one way that the mind anomalies related with chemical imbalance emerge (Rudy, 2009). Numerous investigations have been led demonstrating that chemical imbalance is anything but an immediate consequence of the MMR immunization including the 1999 examination directed by Taylor, â€Å"Autism and Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine: No Epidemiological Evidence of for a Causal Association. † The investigation demonstrated that the quantity of mental imbalance cases has expanded since 1979, yet no huge increment since the presentation of the MMR immunization in 1988 (Autism and the MMR Vaccine, 2001). Kids displaying side effects of mental imbalance were determined to have chemical imbalance at a similar age of the beginning of the manifestations. This is significant in such a case that the MMR antibody truly resulted in mental imbalance, the youngsters who were inoculated would show manifestations when the immunization, not soon after like the 1998 examination closed (Begley, 2009). The inoculation rate for youngsters with chemical imbalance was at a similar rate for kids who didn't have mental imbalance. On the off chance that the MMR immunization brought about chemical imbalance, at that point the inoculation rate for kids with mental imbalance would be higher than the rate for kids who don't have chemical imbalance; there would be a more prominent level of kids with chemical imbalance who got the MMR antibody than kids who do have chemical imbalance. In conclusion there is no authoritative time allotment for the beginning of the indications of mentally unbalanced conduct. The side effects can happen at some random time and are not bound to happen after the MMR antibody (Autism and the MMR Vaccine, 2001). The Wakefield study brought about huge longitudinal impacts over the globe. After the investigation was distributed, MMR inoculation rates diminished in the United Kingdom, Europe, and in the United States. MMR immunization topped in 1996 at 92% and after the examination was distributed the MMR inoculation dropped in the United Kingdom to 84% in 2002 (Miller, 2009). By 2006, the MMR antibody was just given to 85% of youngsters matured two years. In London, the rate was evaluated at 61% in 2003, far underneath the normal rate for the inoculation (Miller, 2009). The investigation keeps on having merit in those guardians who accept the inoculation brings about mental imbalance. In spite of the way that the examination utilized twelve youngsters, it prompted across the board dread with respect to the antibody. After the examination was distributed, measles got endemic in the United Kingdom and immunization rates dropped strongly, prompting an expanded occurrence of measles and mumps (DeNoon, 2011). This thus prompted more passings and wounds from measles and siphons and doctors have offered expression binds this investigation to different scourges and passings. In 1998 there were 56 instances of measles in the United Kingdom and by 2006 there were 449 cases in the initial five months (Does the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism, n. d. ). Every one of these cases happened in youngsters who didn't get the immunization because of across the board dread evoked from the Wakefield study. Mumps additionally started to ascend in 1999 and by 2005 there were 5000 cases inside the principal month in the United Kingdom. Measles and mumps kept on increasing and in 2006 rates were 13 to multiple times higher than the 1998 levels† (Does the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism, n. d. ). In the United States there was a sevenfold increment in measles flare-up (Begley, 2009). This investigation had far reaching results and in 2000 an Irish flare-up lead to three passings and 1,500 cases which happened because of an abatement in the immunization paces of the MMR antibody following the Wakefield study (Does the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism, n. d. ). Ultimately in 2008, measles was announced an endemic in the United Kingdom because of the high paces of the malady. The Wakefield study has had genuine repercussions, considerably after its withdrawal, and numerous guardians are as yet persuaded that there is a connection between the MMR antibody and chemical imbalance. After the distribution of the Wakefield study guardians turned out to be doubtful about the viability of the MMR antibody. The apparent dangers of the immunization exceeded the dangers and guardians wouldn't give their kids the antibody out of dread. The one shot methodology was likewise ve

The Role Of Epidemiology In Infection Control - Free Essay Example

The role of epidemiology in infection control and the use of immunisation programs in preventing epidemics The discipline of epidemiology is broadly defined as the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution (Gordis, 2009: 3). Among a range of core epidemiologic functions recognised (CDC, 2012), monitoring and surveillance as well as outbreak investigation are most immediately relevant to identifying and stopping the spread of infectious disease in a population. Most countries perform routine monitoring and surveillance on a range of infectious diseases of concern to their respective jurisdiction. This allows health authorities to establish a baseline of disease occurrence. Based on this data, it is possible to subsequently discern sudden spikes or divergent trends and patterns in infectious disease incidence. In addition to cause of death which is routinely collected in most countries, many health authorities also maintain a list of notifiable diseases. In the UK, the list of reportable diseases and pathogenic agents maintained by Public Health England includes infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, strains of influenza, vaccine-preventable diseases such as Whooping Cough or Measles, and food borne infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella or Listeria. (Public Health England, 2010) At the international level, the World Health Organization requires its members to report any event that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (International Health Regulations, 2005). Cases of Smallpox, Poliomyeliti s, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and new influenza strains are always notifiable. (WHO, undated) These international notification duties allow for the identification of trans-national patterns by collating data from national surveillance systems. Ideally, the system would enable authorities to anticipate and disrupt further cross-national spread by alerting countries to the necessity of tightened control at international borders or even by instituting more severe measures such a bans on air travel from and to affected countries. As explained in the previous paragraph, data collected routinely over a period of time allows authorities to respond to increases in the incidence of a particular disease by taking measures to contain its spread. This may include an investigation into the origin of the outbreak, for instance the nature of the infectious agent or the vehicle. In other cases, the mode of transmission may need to be clarified. These tasks are part of the outbreak investigation. Several steps can be distinguished in the wake of a concerning notification or the determination of an unusual pattern. These include the use of descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology, the subsequent implementation of control measures, as well as reporting to share experiences and new insights. (Reintjes and Zanuzdana, 2010) In the case of an unusual disease such as the possibility of the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa to result in isolated cases in Western Europe, it might not be necessary to engage in further epidemiological analysis once the diagnosis has been confirmed. Instead, control measures would be implemented immediately and might include ensuring best practice isolation of the patient and contact tracing to ensure that the infection does not spread further among a fully susceptible local population. Similarly, highly pathogenic diseases such as meningitis that tend to occur in clusters might prompt health authorities to close school s to disrupt the spread. In other types of outbreak investigations identifying the exact disease or exact strain of an infectious agent is the primary epidemiologic task. This might, for instance, be the case if clusters of relatively non-specific symptoms occur and need be confirmed as linked to one another and identified as either a known disease/infectious agent or be described and named. In the same vein, in food-borne infectious diseases, the infectious organism and vehicle of infection may have to be pinpointed by retrospectively tracing food intake, creating comparative tables, and calculating measures of association between possible exposures and outcome (CDC, 2012). Only then can targeted control measures such as pulling product lots from supermarket shelves and issuing a pubic warning be initiated. Beyond identifying and controlling infectious disease outbreaks, monitoring and surveillance also plays a role in ensuring that primary prevention works as effectively as pos sible: collecting information on behavioural risk factors in cases such as sexually transmitted diseases can help identify groups that are most at risk and where Public Health interventions may yield the highest benefit. In another example, monitoring immunization coverage and analysing the effectiveness of vaccines over the life course may predict epidemics in the making if coverage is found decreasing or immunity appears to decline in older populations. In addition, the ability to anticipate the potential spread of disease with a reasonable degree of confidence hinges not only on good data collection. Advanced epidemiological methods such as mathematical modelling are equally instrumental in predicting possible outbreak patterns. Flu vaccines, for instance, need to be formulated long before the onset of the annual flu season. Against which particular strains the vaccines are to provide immunity can only be determined from past epidemiological data and modelling. (Mikanatha et al., 2013) Mathematical models have also played a role in determining the most effective vaccine strategies, including target coverage and ideal ages and target groups, to eliminate the risk of epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases (Gordis, 2009). In addition to controlling outbreaks at the source and assuring the key protective strategies such as mass immunisation are effectively carried out, epidemiology is also a tool that allows comprehensive planning for potential epidemics. A scenario described in a research article by Ferguson and colleagues (2006) has as its premise a novel and therefore not immediately vaccine-preventable strain of influenza that has defied initial attempts at control and reached pandemic proportions. The large scale simulation of the theoretical epidemic assesses the potential of several intervention strategies to mitigate morbidity and mortality: international border and travel restrictions, a measure that is often demanded as a kneejerk reaction by po licy-makers and citizens is found to have minimal impact, at best delaying spread by a few weeks even if generally adhered to (Ferguson et al., 2006). By contrast, interventions such as household quarantines or school closures that are aimed at interrupting contact between cases, potential carriers, and susceptible individuals are much more effective. . (Ferguson et al., 2006) Time sensitive antiviral treatment and post exposure prophylaxis using the same drugs are additional promising strategies identified. (Ferguson et al., 2006) The latter two potential interventions highlight the role of epidemiological risk assessment in translating anticipated spread of infectious disease into concrete emergency preparedness. For instance, both mass treatment and mass post exposure prophylaxis require advance stockpiling of antivirals. During the last H1N1 epidemic, public and political concern emerged over shortages of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu). (De Clerq, 2006). How ever, advance stockpiling requires political support and significant resources at a time when governments are trying to reign in health spending and the threat is not immediate. Thus, epidemiologists also need to embrace the role of advocates and advisors that communicate scientific findings and evidence-based projections to decision-makers. That being said, immunisation remains the most effective primary preventive strategies for the prevention and control of epidemics. As one of the most significant factors in the massive decline of morbidity and mortality form infectious disease in the Western world over the last century, vaccination accounts for an almost 100% reduction of morbidity from nine vaccine-preventable diseases such as Polio, Diphtheria, and Measles in the United States between 1900 to 1990. (CDC, 1999) Immunisation programmes are designed to reduce the incidence of particular infectious diseases by decreasing the number of susceptible individuals in a population. T his is achieved by administering vaccines which stimulate the bodys immune response. The production of specific antibodies allows the thus primed adaptive immune system to eliminate the full strength pathogen when an individual becomes subsequently exposed to it. The degree of coverage necessary to achieve so called herd immunity- the collective protection of a population even if not every single individual is immune- depends on the of the infectivity and pathogenicity of the respective infectious agent. (Nelson, 2014) Infectivity, in communicable diseases, measures the percentage of infections out of all individuals exposed, whereas pathogenicity is the percentage of infected individuals that progress to clinical disease. (Nelson, 2014). Sub-clinical or inapparent infections are important to take into account because, even though they show no signs and symptoms of disease, people may still be carriers capable of infecting others. Polio is an example of an infectious disease where m ost infections are inapparent, but individuals are infectious. (Nelson, 2014). Gauging infectivity is crucial to estimating the level of coverage needed to reach community immunity. The so called basic reproductive rate is a numerical measure of the average number of secondary infections attributable to one single source of disease, e.g. one infected individual. The rate is calculated by taking into account the average number of contacts a case makes, the likelihood of transmission at each contact point, and the duration of infectiousness. (Kretzschmar and Wallinga, 2010). The higher the reproductive rate, i.e. the theoretical number of secondary cases, the higher the percentage of the population that needs to be immunised in order to prevent or interrupt an outbreak of epidemic proportions. For instance, smallpox, which was successfully eradicated in 1980 (World Health Organization, 2010), is estimated to have a basic reproduction number of around 5, requiring a coverage of only 80% of the population to achieve herd immunity. By contrast, the estimated reproduction number for Measles is around 20 and it is believed that immunisation coverage has to reach at least 96% for population immunity to be ensured. (Kretzschmar and Wallinga, 2010). Once the herd immunity threshold is reached, the remaining susceptible individuals are indirectly protected by the immunised majority around them: in theory, no pathogen should be able to reach them because nobody else is infected or an asymptomatic carrier. Even if the unlikely event of an infection among the unvaccinated eventuated, the chain of transmission should be immediately interrupted thanks to the immunised status of all potential secondary cases. Vaccinating primary contacts of isolated cases is also an important containment strategy where a cluster of non-immune individuals was exposed to an infected individual. Such scenarios may apply, for example, where groups of vaccine objectors or marginalized groups not caught by the regular immunisation drive are affected or an imported disease meets a generally susceptible population. However, epidemic prevention does not stop with having reached vaccination targets. Instead, constant monitoring of current coverage is required and adaptations of the immunisation strategy may be needed to ensure that epidemics are reliably prevented. Recent trends underscore the enduring challenge of permanently keeping at bay even diseases that are officially considered eradicated or near eradication: in the United Kingdom, a marked spike in the number of confirmed measles cases has been observed in the last decade, with an increase from under 200 cases in 2001 to just over 2,000 cases in 2012. (Oxford Vaccine Group, undated) The underlying cause is evident from a comparison of case numbers with data from vaccine coverage monitoring: indeed, the number of children receiving the combination Measles vaccine decreased in the 2000s roughly in parallel with the in crease in Measles incidence. (Oxford Vaccine Group, undated) Other countries have seen similar trends and have responded with measures intended to increase vaccine uptake: for instance, in Australia, the government recently decided to enact measures that would withhold child benefit payments to parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated. (Lusted and Greene, 2015) In conclusion, epidemiology, and in particular routine monitoring and surveillance, is a potent tool that enables health authorities to anticipate, detect, and contain the spread of infectious disease. Over the last century, immunisation has proven itself as one of the key interventions to curb infectious disease morbidity and mortality. However, with vaccine-preventable diseases again on the rise in UK and other industrialised countries, epidemiologic monitoring of vaccine coverage and disease incidence remains critically important. Where vaccines are not available or vaccine-induced immunity is short-lived, a n effective system to detect cases and contain outbreaks is even more instrumental to the effort of preventing infectious disease epidemics. Bibliography Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, 2nd edition, Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1999) Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 Impact of Vaccines Universally Recommended for Children United States, 1990-1998, MMWR, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 243-248. De Clercq, E. (2006) Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1015-1025. Ferguson, N. et al. (2006) Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic, Nature, vol. 442, July, pp. 448-452. Gordis, L. (2009) Epidemiology, 4th edition, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. Kretzschmar, M. and Wallinga, J. (2010) Mathematical Models in Infectious Disease Epidemiology, in: KrÃÆ'Â ¤mer, A. et al. (ed.) Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. Lusted, P. and Greene, A. (2015 ) Childcare rebates could be denied to anti-vaccination parents under new Federal Government laws. ABC News [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-12/parents-who-refuse-to-vaccinate-to-miss-out-on-childcare-rebates/6386448 [12 Feb 2015]. Mikanatha, N. et al. (2013) Infectious disease surveillance: a cornerstone for prevention and control, in: Mikanatha, N. et al. (ed.) Infectious Disease Surveillance, 2nd edition, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley Sons. Nelson, K. (2014) Epidemiology of Infectious Disease: General Principles, in: Nelson, K., Williams, C. and Graham, N. (ed.) Infectious disease epidemiology: theory and practice, 3rd edition, Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Oxford vaccine Group (undated) Measles [Online], Available: https://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/measles [12 Feb 2015]. Public Health England (first published 2010) Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practi tioners [Online], Available: https://www.gov.uk/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report [12 Feb 2015]. Reintjes, R. and Aryna Zanuzdana. (2010) Outbreak Investigations, in: KrÃÆ'Â ¤mer, A. et al. (ed.) Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). Notification and other reporting requirements under the IHR, IHR Brief, No. 2 [Online], Available: https://www.who.int/ihr/ihr_brief_no_2_en.pdf [12 Feb 2015]. World Health Organization (WHO). (2010) Statue Commemorates Smallpox Eradication. Available: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2010/smallpox_20100517/en/index.html [12 Feb 2015].

The Relationship Between Africa and Brazil Essay - 676 Words

After the slavery abolition in 1888 and throughout the 20th century, Africa figured relatively low in Brazil’s foreign policy agenda, which have mostly focused in the relations with the global powers such as the United States and European countries. This configuration started to change significantly in the early 2000s, when the improved macroeconomic situation of Brazil coincided with Africa’s economic revival. The turning point was, with no doubt, under former President Lula’s mandate (2003-2010). Revoking historical ties and cultural similarities, Lula’s discourse was frequently based in frames such as: â€Å"paying back the solidarity debt with the African continent, due to centuries of slavery relied on the sweat and blood of millions of†¦show more content†¦Source: Cabral Shankland (2013: 9). According to a recent joint World Bank and IPEA document, the historical and cultural ties between Brazil and the African continent differentiate the country from the other members of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China). The economic success of Brazil, its activities in the international arena and its successful national social policies would be lessons for African countries (IPEA World Bank, 2011). Additionally to historical and cultural ties, other affinities in agro-ecology and epidemiology (and, in some cases, language) are often evoked as an advantage of the Brazilian knowledge transfer to Africa, while the horizontal character of the partnership is presented as an alternative to the vertical North-South interaction (Patriota Pierri, 2013). SECTION C: Brazil’s investment and financing in Africa: interests Trade and investments In the relations between Brazil and Africa, it is not only in development cooperation that a significant increase started to be seen in the last decade. Making a comparison, at the beginning of Lula’s mandate in 2003, trade between the country and the continent was $5 billion, while by 2009 it had surpassed $29 billion (LAHT, 2010). Although still accounting for a relatively small share in BrazilianShow MoreRelatedBrazil Trade Patterns1516 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil Trade Patterns and Overview The world s seventh wealthiest economy (2011 GDP US$2.2 trillion), Brazil is the largest country in area and population in Latin America and the Caribbean. Brazil was one of the last to fall into recession in 2008 and among the first to resume growth in 2009. Brazil s GDP grew 7.5% in 2010 and 2.7% in 2011, because of the new global slowdown. 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De Quieros Mattoso915 Words   |  4 Pages In this engaging book, Katia M. de Quierà ³s Mattoso, one of Brazil’s most well-known social historians gives the general reader with an overall summary of slavery in Brazil, from the beginning of captivity until the end of a slave’s life. The notable difference between this book and others on Brazilian slavery is the viewpoint the author gives from the eyes of a slave, humanizing a topic that is usually referred to as an though it were business rather than an oppressed mass of human beings. OriginallyRead MoreThe Great Powers Of The United States1682 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Second World War, they fought their way back into the classification of great powers. Although this North-South relationship was well known - rhetoric on the subject dates back to the turn of the century- the rise of so called â€Å"middle† powers has reshaped the power structure of the entire globe. These â€Å"rising economies† included: Brazil, Russia, India, and China but also South Africa, Mexico, and South Korea. These rapidly developing nations led the way during the cold war, however, no longer canRead MoreProblems Faced by Brazil and South Africa1296 Words   |  5 PagesProblems Facing Brazil and South Africa: Brazil has always portrayed a public self-image of a racial democracy though its currently being challenged since black Brazilians struggle to capsize centuries of racism. While many black Brazilians have decided to fight numerous racial comments they receive from their white counterparts, their problems are deeply rooted in the countrys legacy of racial divisions. Many black Brazilians have continued to fight the long-denied space in the countrys societyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Nigeria1587 Words   |  7 PagesNIGERIA COUNTRY BACKGROUND Nigeria is a developing country located in West Africa. It is surrounded by Cameroon, Benin, Niger, and Chad. Its coast is bordered by the Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria has a population of 182.2 million (2015), and it is the most populous country in Africa and seventh in the world (wikipedia.com). Nigeria has a federal republic form of government. Their government is modeled after the United States. They are similar in that they both have executive power exercised by the presidentRead MoreThe Decline Of The European Empires945 Words   |  4 PagesAtlantic and Pacific Ocean trade. The Europeans also exchanged plants and animals with the Americas making a better crop foundation there. There was also a lasting relationship between Europe, Africa and America because of the sugar and cotton trade. The European empires needed more workers so the salve trade started linking America, Africa and Europe. This also made for dispersed people in many different parts of the western hemisphere of Afric an origin. 3) What was the economic foundation of colonial

What Is the Need for an External Audit - 1629 Words

The need for an external audit in the case of companies arises primarily from the existence of split-up of ownership from control. When control is shared an audit report will be needed in order to ensure that all the partners or be it shareholders are on the same page as the managers (the ones who will be controlling the company) and know what has been happening in the company, what is happening at present and what can be expected to happen in the future in order to increase returns in the company. The case of an owner controlled company is different as usually the manager will be working in the company and will be aware of everything that will be taking place and will not need an audit report to find out what is going on. Since the†¦show more content†¦Where the financial year started after April 2008 the parameters increased to, annual turnover less than 6.5 million pounds, balance sheet total less than 3.26 million pounds and average number of employees less than 50.When an owner controlled company satisfies the audit exemption parameters it can maintain that audit exemption for a full financial year afterwards even if the parameters were exceed in that following financial year. There are benefits in submitting abbreviated accounts as simpler and easier accounting records can be maintained reducing time spent on accountancy work. In addition although potential suppliers and financial institutions may require details of the year end financial accounts it is acceptable not to publish full details. In China, Owner controlled companies have an exemption from the audit and this gives management for smaller companies some newfound flexibility, Alyssa Martin says. Companies may not have to produce as much documentation or perform as much testing to produce management’s assertion as they might have had to produce for the sake of the audit, she says.â€Å"They can use other measures, like ongoing monitors or their own personal experience, to assess i nternal controls when they don’t have to have the external auditor auditing their process or leveraging their process in performing the audit of internal control,† notes Weaver’s Martin. Yong Xu, CFO for Jingwei International,Show MoreRelatedIndependence of External Auditor1203 Words   |  5 PagesIndependence of external auditor By:- shubham kanchhal Auditor independence  refers to the independence  of the auditor  from parties that may have a financial interest in business being audited. Independence requires integrity  and an objective approach  for the audit process. This concept requires the auditor  to carry his work freely and in an objective manner. 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Anglo

Anglo-Saxon Poetry Essay The Anglo-Saxons were the population In Brutal partly descended from the Germanic tribes who migrated from continental Europe and settled the south and east of the island beginning In the early fifth century A. D.. The Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period of English history after their initial settlement through their creation of the English nation and up to the Norman conquest. The are revered for their literature and poems, still treasured today. Just by reading their literature, we can get a good understanding of how ideas were expressed back then. Their poems tell us about Anglo-Saxon culture, their views on 3. The hero, often a deem-god, possesses distinctive weapons of great size and power, often heirlooms or presents from the gods. 4. The hero must undertake a long, perilous Journey, often involving a descent into the Underworld, testing his endurance, courage, and cunning. 5. Although his fellows may be great warriors (he may have a committals, or group of noble followers with whom he grew up), he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt. 6. Whatever virtues his race most prizes, these, the epic hero as a cultural exemplar, possesses in abundance. 7. The concept of ARet (Greek for bringing virtue to perfection) is crucial to understanding the epic protagonist. 8. The hero gains little honor by slaying a lesser mortal, but only by challenging heroes like himself or adversaries of superhuman power. 9. The two great epic adversaries, the hero and his antagonist, meet at the climax, which must be delayed as long as possible to sustain maximum interest. 10. The heros epic adversary is often a god-despiser, one who has more respect for his own mental and physical abilities than for the power of the gods. The adversary might also be a good man sponsored by lesser deities, or one whom the gods desert at a crucial moment. 1 1 . The hero may encounter a numinous phenomenon (a place or person having a vine or supernatural force) such as a haunted wood or enchanting sorceress whose strength, cunning, and divine assistance he must use to overcome obstacles Old English heroic poetry is the earliest extant in all of Germanic literature. It is thus the nearest we can come to the oral pagan literature of Germanic culture, and is of such inestimable value as a source of knowledge about many aspects of Germanic society. The traditional epics (also called primary epics or folk epics) were shaped by a literary artist from historical and legendary materials which had developed out of the oral traditions of his nation during a period of expansion and warfare. To this group are ascribed the Iliad and Odyssey of the Greek Homer, and the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf . The literary or secondary epics were composed by sophisticated craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. One such example is Virgins Latin poem the Manned, which later served as the chief model for Millions literary epic Paradise Lost. Virgil and Milton wrote secondary or literary epics in imitation of the earlier primary or traditional epics of Homer. They adopted many of the conventions of Homers work, including he invocation of a muse, the use of epithets, the listening of heroes and combatants, and the beginning in medias rest which refers to the notion of action beginning in the middle of critical moments. An epic or heroic poem falls into one of two patterns, both established by Homer: the structure (and allegory to life) may be either war or Journey, and the hero may be on a quest or pursuing conquest. Features of legend building evident in epic include the following: 1 . The heros near-invulnerability; 2. The heros fighting without conventional weapons (as in Beowulf wrestling Greened); 3. The heros inglorious youth; 4. The heros auspicious birth, an attempt at the reconstruction of the early life of a notable adult; 5. Transference of the deeds and events associated with one hero to another of similar name. Such events would include the gods arming a hero ( a metaphor for wondrous strength so great it must have seemed to have divine origins) and the hero is descending to the Underworld ( a metaphor for facing and) 6. Historical inclusiveness: the poem presents a whole culture although the action is localized, flashbacks and inset narratives geographical and chronological scope to include the whole oft culture heroes; 7. The hero is a dramatic protagonist in each scene of a play the stage Milton employed the epic machinery of Homer and Virgil while their ethos from that of the man of action to that of the man of and love. In attempting to make this shift, Milton was surely race heroic poem is essentially non-Christian since it is based on the physical action, a warrior and military leader. Although an epic original (primary), it must be unified in plot and action, and not Coming to heroic poetry, Anglo-Saxon in particular, the focus s primary epic these epics were composed without the aid of w to a musical accompaniment. Thus, the composition of the oral cause it was constructed for recreational purposes. They are structure the episodes can be detached from the whole and separate poems or stories. The heroic ideal suggests that the e epic are more concerned with their own personal self-fulfillment the personal concept of heroism, and the self-fulfillment and id hero. The national concept is secondary. The language in the o repetitious use of stock phrases and descriptions to aid its oral tending toward pleasing the ear rather than the eye. Focus is p spoken word. The movement tends to be cyclical, encompassing return. The primary epics were developed in cultures that had sectional identity or unity: Greek city-states, for instance. Exam include: the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the most essential one, con this essay, Beowulf. Beowulf, a complete epic, is the oldest surviving Germanic epic longest and most important poem in Old English. It originated transmitted orally from one generation to the next; court poets the bearers of tribal history and tradition. The version of Oboe heros auspicious composed by a Christian poet, probably early in the 8th cent intermittent Christian themes contained within the epic, although themselves, are not integrated into what is essentially a pagan elaborate the heros fearless and bloody struggles against MO courage, honor, and loyalty as being the chief virtues in a world s-. Ere. TN s Beowulf is a solid and comprehensive example of native epic p alliterative unrushed rhythm. Though it is often viewed both as the archetypal Anglo-Saxon literary work and as a cornerstone of modern literature, Beowulf has a peculiar history that complicates both its historical and its canonical position within English literature. By the time the story of Beowulf was composed by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet around 700 AD. , much of its material had been in circulation in oar reiterative form for many ye ars. The Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian peoples had invaded the island of Britain and settled there several hundred years earlier, bringing with them several closely related Germanic languages that would evolve into Old English. Elements of the Beowulf storyincluding its setting and charactersdata back to the period before the migration. The action of the poem takes place around 500 A. D. Many of the characters in the poemthe Swedish and Danish royal family members, for examplecorrespond to actual historical figures. Originally pagan warriors, the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian invaders experienced a large-scale inversion to Christianity at the end of the sixth century. Though still an old pagan story, Beowulf thus came to be told by a Christian poet. The Beowulf poet is often at pains to attribute Christian thoughts and motives to his characters, who frequently behave in distinctly UN-Christian ways. The Beowulf that we read today is therefore probably quite unlike the Beowulf with which the first Anglo-Saxon audiences were familiar. The element of religious tension is quite commonplace in Christian Anglo- Saxon writings (The Dream of the Rood, for example), but the combination of a pagan story with a Christian narrator is fairly unusual. The plot of the poem concerns Scandinavian culture, but much of the poems narrative intervention reveals that the poets culture was somewhat different from that of his ancestors, and that of his characters as well. The world that Beowulf depicts and the heroic code of honor that defines much of the story, is a relic of pre-Anglo-Saxon culture. The story is set in Scandinavia, before the migration. Though it is a traditional storypart of a Germanic oral traditionthe poem as we have it is thought to be the work of a single poet. It was composed in England (not in Scandinavia) and is historical in its perspective, recording the values ND culture of a bygone era. Many of those values, including the heroic code, were still operative to some degree when the poem was written. These values had evolved to some extent, over the course of the intervening centuries and were continuing to change. The Crucible respond to Arthur Miller's play EssayWhereas the youthful Beowulf, having nothing to lose, desires personal glory, the aged Warthogs, having much to lose, seeks protection for his people. Though these two outlooks are somewhat oppositional, each character acts as society dictates he should given his particular role in society. While the values of the warrior become clear through Beowulf example throughout the poem, only in the poems more didactic moments are the responsibilities of a king to his people discussed. The heroic code requires that a king reward the loyal service of his warriors with gifts and praise. It also holds that he must provide them with protection and the sanctuary of a lavish mead-hall. Hoarders speeches, in particular, emphasize the value of creating stability in a precarious and chaotic world. He also speaks at length about the kings role in diplomacy, both with his own warriors and with other tribes. Beowulf own tenure as king elaborates upon many of the same points. His transition from warrior to king, and, in particular, his final battle with the drag reiterates the dichotomy between the duties of a heroic warrior and those of a king. In the eyes of several of the Seats, Beowulf bold encounter with the drag morally ambiguous because it dooms them to a kingliness state in which they re vulnerable to attack by their enemies. Yet Beowulf also demonstrates the sort restraint proper to kings when, earlier in his life, he refrains from usurping Hay throne, choosing instead to uphold the line of succession by supporting the appointment of Hagglers son. But since all of these pagan kings were great w in their youth, the tension between these two important roles seems inevitable ultimately irreconcilable. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the texts major themes. The Oral Tradition Intimately connected to the theme of the importance of establishing ones idà ©e the oral tradition, which preserves the lessons and lineages of the past, and h spread reputations. Indeed, in a culture that has little interaction with writing, the spoken word can allow individuals to learn about others and make their Tories known. This emphasis on oral communication explains the prevalence bards tales (such as the Hero scoops relating of the Finishing episode) and warriors boastings (such as Beowulf telling of the Berea story). From a broad perspective, Beowulf itself contributes to the tradition of oral celebration of cue heroes. Like Homers Iliad and Odyssey, Beowulf was passed on orally over ma generations before being written down. The Mead-Hall The poem contains two examples of mead-halls: Hoarders great hall of Hero Denmark, and Hagglers hall in Eastland. Both function as important cultural institutions that provide light and warmth, food and drink, and singing and re Historically, the mead-hall represented a safe haven for warriors returning fro battle, a small zone of refuge within a dangerous and precarious external world continuously offered the threat of attack by neighboring peoples. The mead-h also a place of community, where traditions were preserved, loyalty was rear and, perhaps most important, stories were told and reputations were spread. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract or concepts. Because ritual behaviors and tokens of loyalty are so central to pa Germanic culture, most of the objects mentioned in Beowulf have symbolic sat bayonets noun tenure as transition from warrior t. Reiterates the dichotomy morally ambiguous became vulnerable to attack dye TTL restraint p paper to kings throne. Root,s. En instead appointment of Hugely: ultimately irreconcilable Motifs drew recur r Inning star develop ant Inform the I Intimately connected to the oral trait. N. . which spread reputations, Indeed the spotÐ’Â «en nor d can all( stories knave. RL This meme bards tales (such as the warriors hosier,gas {cut perspective, Beowulf its her LEG Hornets Lila, generations before being The Mead-Hide The poem contemns two f Demander timid Hecklers Institutions that provide Historically. The mead-he continuously tottered the also a place of commune; nod, perhaps [ghost iron Symbols ar e bootees. Chi. Or concepts erases rite Germanic culture, most( just for the readers but also for the characters in the poem. The Golden Torque The collar or necklace that Halloween gives Beowulf is a s loyalty between her people and Beowulfand, by extension, symbolic object is reinforced when we learn that Hugely id furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. The Banquet The great banquet at Hero after the defeat of Greened, re rider and harmony to the Danish people. The preparation the damaged mead-hall, which, in conjunction with the ban rebirth of the community. The speeches and giving of gifts, this societys interactions, contribute as well to the sense of Returning to the presentation and the transmitting of the SST placed upon the scoop. It is an Old English name for the pr harpist and poet-singer, normally a member of a royal houses shaper and conservator in England of Old Germanic poetic and honored class, sharing with his audience a critical inter commanded a mastery of the complex oral-formulaic mater prosody hardly comprehensible to lettered societies. His re than necromantic court verse: he was also a folk historian: a celebrations of heroic boldness and sacrifice, mingled with secular or Christian morality, have been preserved in later part of the Anglo-Saxon poetical corps.. It is likely that the try depended less upon the personality and talent of an individual formulaic materials with which he worked, the cooperative audience, and their common familiarity with traditional the to distinguish between the art of popular and courtly poet court glean and that perhaps of a chieftain who might TA a lay himself; or that of a warrior-singer whose function as incidental to his personal knowledge of a battle; or even the like Academe, who had no training as a singer, but who nevi art of narrative verse on Christian themes in what must have thoroughly traditional manner. The elegiac theme, a strong undercurrent in Beowulf, is cent Wanderer and The Seafarer. In these works, a happy past is precarious and desolate present. In this heroic poetry, all of greatness is measured less by victory than by perfect loyal extremity. Just for the readers but also for the char The collar or necklace that Halloween gal. loyalty between her people and Beowulf;; hemolytic object is reinforced when we lea furthering the ideas of kinship and concur The great banquet at Hero after the defy order and harmony to the Danish people. He damaged mead-hall, which, in conjunct rebirth of the community. The speeches this societys interactions, contribute as Returning to the presentation and the tram placed upon the scoop_ It is an Old English harpist and poet-singer, normally a met shaper and conservator in England of Lot and honored class, sharing with his audio commanded a mastery of the complex ROR prosody hardly comprehensible to letterer than necromantic court verse: he was alls elaborations of heroic boldness and sacra secular or Christian morality, have been part of the Anglo-Saxon poetical corps.. It depended less upon the personality and formulaic materials with which he worker audience, and their common familiarity to distinguish between the art of popular court glean and that perhaps of a chic a lay himself; or that of a warrior-singer v, incidental to his personal knowledge of a like Academe, who had no training as a is art of narrative verse on Christian theme: The elegiac theme, a strong undercurrent Wanderer and The Seafarer. In these word precarious and desolate present. In this retreats is measured less by victory dhal Taking into consideration an elegy as a genre common in world literature, and that very is condition and poetrys function, independence literatures, elegies are formally defined in Old English, elegy is more oaf mode or m of many types, all using the basic four-stress we see evidence that the poets Job as keep produced frequent occasions on which the in sadness. Like the biblical psalmist, however generalize the consequences of Times cord turning the poems into fleece, sad condemned are celebrated in the epic war songs: rings, and the great halls of kings.

Media And Politics Essays - Public Opinion, Public Sphere, Structure

Media And Politics The media is an intricate part of American government, intertwined with the practice of democracy, but to what extent does the media influence public opinion? To answer that several aspects of media coverage have to be explored. The first fact is that the media is America's basic resource for all the news concerning American politics. The second aspect is that the opinion expressed by the press influences the opinion adopted by the public. Lastly the issues the media deem important help set the national agenda. The most basic way the media influence public opinion is by offering knowledge about government decisions and access to government information. Daily the press deliver the raw information to the nation, whom in turn form into opinions. Without the media it would take the public longer to become educated about governmental proceedings. The media send messages across the nation. Before the advancement of such media as the television, radio, and the Internet, a much smaller percentage of Americans were informed about the issues concerning the nation. The second way the media can influence public opinion is through their ability to convey an overall tone to their readers and viewers according to their own sentiments. Often a newspaper's own feelings on a certain issue are expressed in their articles. When the public reads about such issues they can adopt the attitude which the media portrayed. The press my frame stories in a way that enhances the overall tone toward government and politics. Unfortunately the most common trend is to hold a negative attitude toward government. This negative tone has led to a national decline in voter participation. A greater portion of the country now attains a skeptical view of the American government. Most likely the largest way the media impact the public opinion is through agenda setting. Because of the vast number of issues plaguing America today, the press has to decide which they will cover and which they will not. Their reporting has a vital connection to what the public comes to believe are the important issues in the country. If the press repeatedly covers the gun control issue, then the nation itself comes to believe that it is significant. What The New York Times run on their front cover today is what constituents across the nation begin to feel is important. Because the nation deems it important, than it is introduced into legislature tomorrow. The press possesses the capability to create the impression that certain problems are of greater urgency than others. Given the fact that both time and space are money to the press, those certain problems are usually about political strategy, political infighting, political scandal and the private lives of politicians. These tend to over take the less entertaining, but more substantial stories because they do not make money. One of the most ironic ways the media influences public opinion is by bringing the candidates personally to each constituent through the use of television and radio. Could one honestly say that Abraham Lincoln could be elected if he were running today? Lincoln was not a very attractive man and did not have a very refined voice. How would Lincoln have looked and sounded on television and radio? The public may be stubborn to admit it, but it is true; the nation judges possible candidates upon appearances and performances. If a presidential candidate could not speak in front of large groups, he could never be elected in today's society. It would not matter that his or her policies were better than their running mates. Guaranteed by the first amendment, the media will always be there to inform the public and to decide what issues are important. Americans rely more and more on this media to judge how our leaders campaign, govern, shape public policy, and communicate their ideas. Being an independent check on all three branches of government, the media serves as a fourth branch of government. However essential the media is to the balance of government, the public must learn to make their own opinions and not just adopt those portrayed by the press. Politics Essays